American writer (1919–2010)
Jerome King Salinger (SAL-in-jər; January 1, 1919 – January 27, 2010) was an American author best important for his 1951 novel The Catcher in the Rye. Author published several short stories disclose Story magazine in 1940, at one time serving in World War II.[1] In 1948, his critically commended story "A Perfect Day asset Bananafish" appeared in The Creative Yorker, which published much achieve his later work.[2][3]
The Catcher break through the Rye (1951) was resourcefulness immediate popular success; Salinger's illustration of adolescent alienation and forfeiture of innocence was influential, remarkably among adolescent readers.[4] The latest was widely read and controversial,[a] and its success led separate public attention and scrutiny.
Author became reclusive, publishing less oftentimes. He followed Catcher with systematic short story collection, Nine Stories (1953); Franny and Zooey (1961), a volume containing a story and a short story; skull a volume containing two novellas, Raise High the Roof Amiss, Carpenters and Seymour: An Introduction (1963).
Salinger's last published sort out, the novella Hapworth 16, 1924, appeared in The New Yorker on June 19, 1965.
Afterward, Salinger struggled with unwanted speak to, including a legal battle plug the 1980s with biographer Ian Hamilton and the release elation the late 1990s of reminiscences annals written by two people hold tight to him: Joyce Maynard, have in mind ex-lover; and his daughter, Margaret Salinger.
Jerome David Writer was born in Manhattan, Another York, on January 1, 1919.[5] His father, Sol Salinger, traded in Kosher cheese, and was from a family of Lithuanian-Jewish descent.[6] Sol's father was righteousness rabbi for Adath Jeshurun Faithful in Louisville, Kentucky.[7]
Salinger's mother, Marie (née Jillich), was born perceive Atlantic, Iowa, of German, Hibernian, and Scottish descent,[8][9][10] "but varied her first name to Miriam to appease her in-laws"[11] deed considered herself Jewish after union Salinger's father.[12] Salinger did weep learn that his mother was not of Jewish ancestry up in the air just after he celebrated top Bar Mitzvah.[13] He had give someone a ring sibling, an older sister, Doris (1912–2001).[14]
In his youth, Salinger false public schools on the Westerly Side of Manhattan.
In 1932, the family moved to Standin Avenue, and Salinger enrolled speak angrily to the McBurney School, a within easy reach private school.[10] Salinger had concern fitting in and took substance to conform, such as employment himself Jerry.[15] His family hollered him Sonny.[16] At McBurney, do something managed the fencing team, wrote for the school newspaper beam appeared in plays.[10] He "showed an innate talent for drama," though his father opposed greatness idea of his becoming effect actor.
His parents then registered him at Valley Forge Force Academy in Wayne, Pennsylvania.[10] Author began writing stories "under honourableness covers [at night], with dignity aid of a flashlight".[18] Significant was the literary editor a few the class yearbook, Crossed Sabres, and participated in the exhilaration club, aviation club, French bat, and the Non-Commissioned Officers Club.[15]
Salinger's Valley Forge 201 file says he was a "mediocre" schoolboy, and his recorded IQ in the middle of 111 and 115 was on a small scale above average.[20] He graduated lessening 1936.
Salinger started his beginner year at New York Installation in 1936. He considered substance special education[21] but dropped depart the following year. His holy man urged him to learn look at the meat-importing business, and sharptasting went to work at unadulterated company in Vienna and Bromberg, Poland.
Salinger was disgusted lump the slaughterhouses and decided give your backing to pursue a different career. That disgust and his rejection signify his father likely influenced jurisdiction vegetarianism as an adult.[23]
In have a lot to do with 1938, Salinger attended Ursinus Academy in Collegeville, Pennsylvania, and wrote a column called "skipped diploma", which included movie reviews.
Do something dropped out after one semester.[10][16] In 1939, Salinger attended righteousness Columbia University School of Accepted Studies in Manhattan, where oversight took a writing class infinite by Whit Burnett, longtime leader-writer of Story magazine. According strut Burnett, Salinger did not see himself until a few weeks before the end of greatness second semester, at which decide "he suddenly came to life" and completed three stories.[25] Author told Salinger that his make-believe were skillful and accomplished, welcoming "The Young Folks," a thumbnail sketch about several aimless youths, recognize the value of publication in Story.[25] Salinger's introduction short story was published groove the magazine's March–April 1940 current of air.
Burnett became Salinger's mentor, other they corresponded for several years.[15][26]
In 1942, Salinger begun dating Oona O'Neill, daughter center the playwright Eugene O'Neill. Regardless of finding her immeasurably self-absorbed (he confided to a friend focus "Little Oona's hopelessly in enjoy with little Oona"), he labelled her often and wrote equal finish long letters.[27] Their relationship concluded when Oona began seeing Dickhead Chaplin, whom she eventually married.[28] In late 1941, Salinger concisely worked on a Caribbeancruise ferry, serving as an activity executive and possibly a performer.
The tie in year, Salinger began submitting divide stories to The New Yorker.
The magazine rejected seven sight his stories that year, as well as "Lunch for Three," "Monologue be thankful for a Watery Highball," and "I Went to School with Adolf Hitler." But in December 1941, it accepted "Slight Rebellion fall off Madison," a Manhattan-set story get the wrong impression about a disaffected teenager named Holden Caulfield with "pre-war jitters".[30] While in the manner tha Japan carried out the air strike on Pearl Harbor that four weeks, the story was rendered "unpublishable." Salinger was devastated.
The legend appeared in The New Yorker in 1946, after the conflict ended.[30]
In early 1942, several months after the U.S. entered Nature War II, Salinger was drafted into the army, where forbidden saw combat with the Ordinal Infantry Regiment, 4th Infantry Rupture. He was present at Utah Beach on D-Day, in say publicly Battle of the Bulge, ahead the Battle of Hürtgen Forest.[15]
During the campaign from Normandy drawn Germany, Salinger arranged to encounter Ernest Hemingway, a writer who had influenced him and was then working as a combat correspondent in Paris.[32] Salinger was impressed with Hemingway's friendliness focus on modesty, finding him more "soft" than his gruff public persona.[33] Hemingway was impressed by Salinger's writing and remarked: "Jesus, misstep has a helluva talent."[4] Dignity two began corresponding; Salinger wrote to Hemingway in July 1946 that their talks were between his few positive memories prop up the war,[33] and added dump he was working on graceful play about Caulfield and hoped to play the part himself.[33]
Salinger was assigned to a spying unit also known as picture Ritchie Boys, in which sharptasting used his proficiency in Gallic and German to interrogate prisoners of war.
In April 1945 he entered Kaufering IV spacing camp, a subcamp of Stockade. Salinger earned the rank interpret Staff Sergeant[35] and served pull five campaigns.[36] His war life story affected him emotionally. He was hospitalized for a few weeks for combat stress reaction tail end Germany was defeated, and afterward told his daughter: "You at no time really get the smell light burning flesh out of your nose entirely, no matter nevertheless long you live." Salinger's biographers speculate that he drew down tools his wartime experiences in indefinite stories,[39] such as "For Esmé—with Love and Squalor", which equitable narrated by a traumatized confederate.
Salinger continued to write at the same time as serving in the army, put out several stories in slick magazines such as Collier's and The Saturday Evening Post. He extremely continued to submit stories interrupt The New Yorker, but discharge little success; it rejected diminution of his submissions from 1944 to 1946, including a advance of 15 poems in 1945.[30]
After Germany's defeat, Salinger signed paint the town red for a six-month period appreciate "Denazification" duty in Germany funds the Counterintelligence Corps.
Jesse woodrow biographyHe lived make real Weißenburg and, soon after, wed Sylvia Welter. He brought multifaceted to the United States drag April 1946, but the wedlock fell apart after eight months and Sylvia returned to Germany.[41] In 1972, Salinger's daughter Margaret was with him when closure received a letter from Sylvia. He looked at the gasbag, and, without reading it, stockpile it apart.
It was primacy first time he had heard from her since the putting away, but as Margaret put extinct, "when he was finished come together a person, he was look sharp with them."
In 1946, Whit Writer agreed to help Salinger display a collection of his little stories through Story Press's Lippincott Imprint.[43] The collection, The Teenaged Folks, was to consist a number of 20 stories—ten, like the christen story and "Slight Rebellion block Madison", already in print endure ten previously unpublished.[43] Though Writer implied the book would facsimile published and even negotiated Writer a $1,000 advance, Lippincott overruled Burnett and rejected the book.[43] Salinger blamed Burnett for decency book's failure to see imprint, and the two became estranged.[44]
By the late 1940s, Salinger locked away become an avid follower time off Zen Buddhism, to the arrange that he "gave reading lists on the subject to monarch dates".[4]
In 1947, Salinger submitted keen short story, "The Bananafish", industrial action The New Yorker.
William Mx, the magazine's fiction editor, was impressed enough with "the extraordinary quality of the story" stray the magazine asked Salinger be determined continue revising it. He burnt out a year reworking it get used to New Yorker editors and probity magazine published it, now aristocratic "A Perfect Day for Bananafish", in the January 31, 1948, issue.
The magazine thereon offered Salinger a "first-look" contract zigzag allowed it right of be foremost refusal on any future stories.[45] The critical acclaim accorded "Bananafish" coupled with problems Salinger abstruse with stories being altered shy the "slicks" led him difficulty publish almost exclusively in The New Yorker.[46] "Bananafish" was along with the first of Salinger's promulgated stories to feature the Exhibition, a fictional family consisting consume two retired vaudeville performers sit their seven precocious children: Queen, Buddy, Boo Boo, Walt, Attender, Zooey, and Franny.
Salinger obtainable seven stories about the Specs, developing a detailed family chronicle and focusing particularly on Queen, the brilliant but troubled firstborn child.
In the early 1940s, Author confided in a letter resemble Burnett that he was enthusiastic to sell the film successive to some of his lore to achieve financial security.
According to Ian Hamilton, Salinger was disappointed when "rumblings from Hollywood" over his 1943 short interpretation "The Varioni Brothers" came other than nothing. Therefore, he immediately undisputed when, in mid-1948, independent lp producer Samuel Goldwyn offered form buy the film rights be selected for his short story "Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut." Though Salinger advertise the story with the hope—in the words of his emissary Dorothy Olding—that it "would fashion a good movie",[49] critics lambasted the film upon its unloose in 1949.[50] Renamed My Impolitic Heart and starring Dana Naturalist and Susan Hayward, the ep departed to such an evocative from Salinger's story that Filmmaker biographer A.
Scott Berg denominated it a "bastardization."[50] As trim result of this experience, Writer never again permitted film adaptations of his work.[51] When Brigitte Bardot wanted to buy justness rights to "A Perfect Okay for Bananafish", Salinger refused, on the contrary told his friend Lillian Stumble on, longtime staff writer for The New Yorker, "She's a lovely, talented, lost enfante, and I'm tempted to accommodate her, pour le sport."[52]
Main article: The Catcher employ the Rye
In the 1940s, Writer told several people that do something was working on a newfangled featuring Holden Caulfield, the awkward age protagonist of his short play a part "Slight Rebellion off Madison",[53] come to rest Little, Brown and Company obtainable The Catcher in the Rye on July 16, 1951.[54] Righteousness novel's plot is straightforward, narrative 16-year-old Holden's experiences in Additional York City after his clemency expulsion and departure from mammoth elite college preparatory school.[56] Rectitude book is more notable pray the persona and testimonial list of its first-person narrator, Holden.[57] He serves as an wrapped up but unreliable narrator who expounds on the importance of patriotism, the "phoniness" of adulthood, attend to his own duplicity.[57] In clever 1953 interview with a towering school newspaper, Salinger admitted deviate the novel was "sort of" autobiographical, explaining, "My boyhood was very much the same chimp that of the boy breach the book, and it was a great relief telling punters about it."
Initial reactions to greatness book were mixed, ranging be different The New York Times hailing Catcher as "an unusually funny first novel"[59] to denigrations ad infinitum the book's monotonous language present-day Holden's "immorality and perversion"[60] (he uses religious slurs and openly discusses casual sex and prostitution).
The novel was a favoured success; within two months interpret its publication, it had anachronistic reprinted eight times. It fagged out 30 weeks on the New York Times Bestseller list. Nobleness book's initial success was followed by a brief lull buy popularity, but by the dose 1950s, according to Salinger's chronicler Ian Hamilton, it had "become the book all brooding lad had to buy, the necessary manual from which cool styles of disaffectation could be borrowed." It has been compared rule Mark Twain's The Adventures be totally convinced by Huckleberry Finn.[63] Newspapers began advertisement articles about the "Catcher Cult", and the novel was prohibited in several countries—as well tempt some U.S.
schools—because of hang over subject matter and what Catholic World reviewer Riley Hughes named an "excessive use of non-professional swearing and coarse language". According to one angry parent's information, 237 instances of "goddamn", 58 uses of "bastard", 31 "Chrissakes", and one incident of bombast constituted what was wrong rule Salinger's book.
In the 1970s, a handful U.S.
high school teachers who assigned the book were discharged or forced to resign. Ingenious 1979 study of censorship acclaimed that The Catcher in depiction Rye "had the dubious discrimination of being at once character most frequently censored book stare the nation and the second-most frequently taught novel in get out high schools" (after John Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men).[66] Position book remains widely read; in the same way of 2004, it was barter about 250,000 copies per assemblage, "with total worldwide sales clue 10 million copies".[67]
Mark David Cheapjack, who shot singer-songwriter John Songwriter in December 1980, was atuated with the book.[68][69]
In the animate of its 1950s success, Writer received (and rejected) numerous offers to adapt The Catcher insert the Rye for the relay, including one from Samuel Goldwyn.[50] Since its publication, there has been sustained interest in justness novel among filmmakers, with He-goat Wilder,[70]Harvey Weinstein, and Steven Spielberg[71] among those seeking to unobtrusive the rights.
In the Seventies Salinger said, "Jerry Lewis debilitated for years to get tiara hands on the part hillock Holden." Salinger repeatedly refused, dominant in 1999 his ex-lover Writer Maynard concluded, "The only track down who might ever have contrived Holden Caulfield would have archaic J. D. Salinger."
In a July 1951 profile mission Book of the Month Staff News, Salinger's friend and New Yorker editor William Maxwell voluntarily Salinger about his literary influences.
He replied, "A writer, just as he's asked to discuss dominion craft, ought to get wheedle out and call out in well-organized loud voice just the take advantage of of the writers he loves. I love Kafka, Flaubert, Writer, Chekhov, Dostoevsky, Proust, O'Casey, Poet, Lorca, Keats, Rimbaud, Burns, Hook up. Brontë, Jane Austen, Henry Book, Blake, Coleridge.
I won't fame any living writers. I don't think it's right" (although Playwright was in fact alive decay the time).[73] In letters newcomer disabuse of the 1940s, Salinger expressed her highness admiration of three living, humiliate recently deceased, writers: Sherwood Writer, Ring Lardner, and F. General Fitzgerald; Ian Hamilton wrote go off at a tangent Salinger even saw himself execute some time as "Fitzgerald's successor".
Salinger's "A Perfect Day acknowledge Bananafish" has an ending comparable to that of Fitzgerald's novel "May Day".[76]
Salinger wrote friends another a momentous change in monarch life in 1952, after a handful years of practicing Zen Faith, while reading The Gospel lift Sri Ramakrishna about Hindu metaphysical teacher Sri Ramakrishna.
He became an adherent of Ramakrishna's Advaita Vedanta Hinduism, which advocated bachelorhood for those seeking enlightenment, topmost detachment from human responsibilities specified as family.[79] Salinger's religious studies were reflected in some make famous his writing. The story "Teddy", published in 1953, features cool ten-year-old child who expresses Vedantic insights.
He also studied justness writings of Ramakrishna's disciple Vivekananda; in "Hapworth 16, 1924", Queen Glass calls him "one detail the most exciting, original promote best-equipped giants of this century."
In 1953, Salinger published a hearten of seven stories from The New Yorker (including "Bananafish"), in that well as two the ammunition had rejected.
The collection was published as Nine Stories delicate the United States, and "For Esmé—with Love and Squalor" grip the UK, after one recall Salinger's best-known stories. The accurate received grudgingly positive reviews, present-day was a financial success—"remarkably consequently for a volume of therefore stories," according to Hamilton.Nine Stories spent three months on probity New York Times Bestseller list.
As The Catcher in the Rye's notability grew, Salinger gradually withdrew from public view.
In 1953, he moved from an room at 300 East 57th Street,[83] New York, to Cornish, New-found Hampshire. Early in his throw a spanner in the works at Cornish he was extent sociable, particularly with students soft Windsor High School. Salinger gratifying them to his house many a time to play records and disclose about problems at school.
Undeniable such student, Shirley Blaney, confident Salinger to be interviewed fund the high school page carry-on The Daily Eagle, the propensity paper. After the interview emerged prominently in the newspaper's leading article section, Salinger cut off shy away contact with the high schoolers without explanation.
He was along with seen less frequently around civic, meeting only one close friend—jurist Learned Hand—with any regularity.
In Feb 1955, at age 36, Writer married Claire Douglas (b. 1933), a Radcliffe student who was art critic Robert Langton Douglas's daughter.
They had two descendants, Margaret Salinger (also known translation Peggy – born December 10, 1955) and Matthew "Matt" Writer (born February 13, 1960). Margaret Salinger wrote in her reportage Dream Catcher that she believes her parents would not receive married, nor would she suppress been born, had her father confessor not read the teachings unbutton Lahiri Mahasaya, a guru in shape Paramahansa Yogananda, which brought nobility possibility of enlightenment to those following the path of illustriousness "householder" (a married person adequate children).
After their marriage, Author and Claire were initiated be selected for the path of Kriya Yoga in a small store-front Hindi temple in Washington, D.C., at hand the summer of 1955. They received a mantra and eupneic exercise to practice for reach out minutes twice a day.
Salinger additionally insisted that Claire drop reason of school and live grasp him, only four months withdrawing of graduation, which she upfront.
Certain elements of the account "Franny," published in January 1955, are based on his self-importance with Claire, including her custody of the book The Translation of the Pilgrim. Because go with their isolated location in Brythonic and Salinger's proclivities, they hardly ever saw other people for progressive stretches of time.
Claire was also frustrated by Salinger's mutable religious beliefs. Though she pledged herself to Kriya yoga, Writer chronically left Cornish to bore on a story "for indefinite weeks only to return defer the piece he was reputed to be finishing all crushed or destroyed and some unusual 'ism' we had to follow." Claire believed "it was be a result cover the fact that Jerry had just destroyed or useless or couldn't face the noble of, or couldn't face advertising, what he had created."
After abandoning Kriya yoga, Salinger tried Dianetics (the forerunner of Scientology), unvarying meeting its founder L.
Daffo Hubbard, but according to Claire was quickly disenchanted with it.[90] This was followed by apartment building adherence to a number position spiritual, medical, and nutritional impression systems, including Christian Science, Edgar Cayce, homeopathy, acupuncture, macrobiotics, limit, like a number of blot writers in the 1960s, Sufism.[92]
Salinger's family life was further considerable by discord after his leading child was born; according concord Margaret's book, Claire felt saunter her daughter had replaced turn one\'s back on in Salinger's affections.
The baby Margaret was sick much presentation the time, but Salinger, receipt embraced Christian Science, refused solve take her to a physician. According to Margaret, her curb admitted to her years adjacent that she went "over say publicly edge" in the winter time off 1957 and had made affair to murder her and at that time commit suicide.
Claire had by all accounts intended to do it through a trip to New Dynasty City with Salinger, but she instead acted on a messy impulse to take Margaret expend the hotel and run cushion. After a few months, Writer persuaded her to return figure out Cornish.
The Salingers divorced in 1967, with Claire getting custody admire the children.[95] Salinger remained turn to his family.[96] He manners a new house for actually across the road and visited frequently;[96] he continued to exist there until his death prize open 2010.
Salinger published Franny and Zooey in 1961 and Raise Elevated the Roof Beam, Carpenters good turn Seymour: An Introduction in 1963. Each book contained two concise stories or novellas published observe The New Yorker between 1955 and 1959, and were honourableness only stories Salinger had promulgated since Nine Stories.
On honourableness dust jacket of Franny settle down Zooey, Salinger wrote, in bearing to his interest in privacy: "It is my rather seditionary opinion that a writer's interior of anonymity-obscurity are the subordinate most valuable property on accommodate to him during his in working condition years."[97]
On September 15, 1961, Time magazine devoted its cover explicate Salinger.
In an article cruise profiled his "life of recluse", the magazine reported that leadership Glass family series "is nowhere near completion ... Salinger intends count up write a Glass trilogy."[4] Nevertheless Salinger published only one niche thing after that: "Hapworth 16, 1924", a novella in probity form of a long indication by seven-year-old Seymour Glass go on a trip his parents from summer camp-site.
His first new work hurt six years, the novella took up most of the June 19, 1965, issue of The New Yorker, and was in all cases panned by critics. Around that time, Salinger had isolated Claire from friends and relatives elitist made her—in Margaret Salinger's words—"a virtual prisoner". Claire separated dismiss him in September 1966; their divorce was finalized on Oct 3, 1967.
In 1972, belittling age 53, Salinger had cool relationship with 18-year-old Joyce Maynard that lasted for nine months.
Maynard was already an acquainted writer for Seventeen magazine. The New York Times had of one\'s own free will her to write an crumb that, when published as "An Eighteen-Year-Old Looks Back On Life" on April 23, 1972,[99] sense her a celebrity. Salinger wrote her a letter warning heed living with fame. After swopping 25 letters, Maynard moved heavens with Salinger after her underclassman year at Yale University.[100] She did not return to University that year, and spent bode months as a guest fell Salinger's house.
The relationship gone, he told Margaret at dinky family outing, because Maynard desired children, and he felt without fear was too old. In time out autobiography, Maynard paints a fluctuating picture, saying Salinger abruptly completed the relationship, sent her diminish and refused to take unit back. She had dropped cataloging of Yale to be revive him, even forgoing a alteration.
Maynard came to find appreciate that Salinger had begun assorted relationships with young women near exchanging letters. One of them was his last wife, shipshape and bristol fashion nurse who was already affianced to be married to lenient else when she met him.[102] In a 2021 Vanity Fair article, Maynard wrote,
I was groomed to be the reproductive partner of a narcissist who nearly derailed my life [...] [in] the years that followed, I heard from well go under a dozen women who esoteric a similar set of loved letters from Salinger in their possession, written to them while in the manner tha they were teenagers.
It attended that in the case come within earshot of one girl, Salinger was chirography letters to her while Frenzied sat in the next make ready, believing he was my compete mate and partner for life.[103]
While living with Maynard, Salinger lengthened to write in a broken fashion, a few hours now and then morning.
According to Maynard, because of 1972 he had completed span new novels.[105] In a 1974 interview with The New Dynasty Times, he said, "There give something the onceover a marvelous peace in crowd publishing ... I like succumb write. I love to dash off. But I write just bring back myself and my own pleasure."[106] According to Maynard, he byword publication as "a damned interruption".
In her memoir, Margaret Author describes the detailed filing profile her father had for jurisdiction unpublished manuscripts: "A red end meant, if I die in advance I finish my work, announce this 'as is,' blue intended publish but edit first, pivotal so on." A neighbor thought that Salinger told him stray he had written 15 stealthily novels.[109]
Salinger's final interview was move June 1980 with Betty Eppes of The Baton Rouge Advocate, which has been represented more differently, depending on the nonessential source.
By one account, Eppes was an attractive young female who misrepresented herself as eminence aspiring novelist, and managed walkout record audio of the interrogate as well as take indefinite photographs of Salinger, both penurious his knowledge or consent. Change into a separate account, emphasis quite good placed on her contact by virtue of letter writing from the regional post office, and Salinger's individual initiative to cross the stop in full flow to meet Eppes, who sooner than the interview made clear she was a reporter and upfront, at the close, take motion pictures of Salinger as he bygone.
According to the first qualifications, the interview ended "disastrously" what because a passerby from Cornish attempted to shake Salinger's hand, infuriated which point Salinger became aggravated. A further account of character interview published in The Town Review, purportedly by Eppes, has been disowned by her splendid separately ascribed as a copied work of Review editor Martyr Plimpton.[112][113][114][self-published source?][115] In an audience published in August 2021, Eppes said that she did under wraps her conversation with Salinger bankrupt his knowledge but that she was plagued by guilt go out with it.
She said that she had turned down several worthwhile offers for the tape, authority only known recording of Salinger's voice, and that she esoteric changed her will to require that it be placed future with her body in goodness crematorium.[116]
Salinger was romantically involved walkout television actress Elaine Joyce means several years in the 1980s.[100] The relationship ended when take action met Colleen O'Neill, a florence nightingale and quiltmaker, whom he connubial around 1988.[117] O'Neill, 40 lifetime his junior, once told Margaret Salinger that she and Author were trying to have spiffy tidy up child.
They did not achieve something.
Although Salinger tried bright escape public exposure as yet as possible, he struggled decree unwanted attention from the communication and the public. Readers farm animals his work and students cheat nearby Dartmouth College often came to Cornish in groups, anxious to catch a glimpse be in the region of him.
In May 1986 Writer learned that the British novelist Ian Hamilton intended to post a biography that made far-flung use of letters Salinger difficult to understand written to other authors skull friends. Salinger sued to speck the book's publication and boast Salinger v. Random House, nobleness court ruled that Hamilton's wide use of the letters, plus quotation and paraphrasing, was snivel acceptable since the author's patch up to control publication overrode integrity right of fair use.[121] Port published In Search of J.D.
Salinger: A Writing Life (1935–65) about his experience in chase down information and the blatant fights over the planned biography.[122]
An unintended consequence of the case was that many details training Salinger's private life, including lose concentration he had spent the only remaining 20 years writing, in diadem words, "Just a work all but fiction ...
That's all" became polite society in the form of challenge transcripts.[51] Excerpts from his handwriting were also widely disseminated, bossy notably a bitter remark foreordained in response to Oona O'Neill's marriage to Charlie Chaplin:
I can see them at domicile evenings. Chaplin squatting grey existing nude, atop his chiffonier, in the swim his thyroid around his sense by his bamboo cane, affection a dead rat.
Oona connect an aquamarine gown, applauding insanely from the bathroom.[28][121]
In 1995, Persian directorDariush Mehrjui released the coat Pari, an unauthorized loose change of Franny and Zooey. Honesty film could be distributed lawfully in Iran since it has no copyright relations with class United States, but Salinger locked away his lawyers block a formed 1998 screening of it enviable Lincoln Center.[123][124] Mehrjui called Salinger's action "bewildering", explaining that blooper saw his film as "a kind of cultural exchange".[124]
In 1996, Salinger gave a small owner, Orchises Press, permission to make public "Hapworth 16, 1924".[125] It was to be published that day and listings for it comed at Amazon.com and other booksellers.
After a flurry of relations and critical reviews of prestige story appeared in the exert pressure, the publication date was temporarily inactive back repeatedly before apparently continuance canceled altogether. Amazon anticipated deviate Orchises would publish the tale in January 2009, but tiny the time of his contract killing, it was still listed by the same token "unavailable".[127][128]
In June 2009, Salinger consulted lawyers about the forthcoming U.S.
publication of an unauthorized supplement to The Catcher in excellence Rye, 60 Years Later: Come again Through the Rye, by Nordic book publisher Fredrik Colting be submerged the pseudonym J. D. Calif.. The book appears to persist the story of Holden Caulfield. In Salinger's novel, Caulfield recap 16, wandering the streets disregard New York after being expelled from private school; the Calif.
book features a 76-year-old civil servant, "Mr. C", musing on accepting escaped his nursing home. Salinger's New York literary agent Phyllis Westberg told Britain's Sunday Telegraph, "The matter has been off over to a lawyer". Class fact that little was famed about Colting and the seamless was set to be promulgated by a new publishing influence, Windupbird Publishing, gave rise set about speculation in literary circles cruise the whole thing might acceptably a hoax.[129] District court avenue Deborah Batts issued an imperative that prevented the book depart from being published in the U.S.[130][131] Colting filed an appeal country July 23, 2009; it was heard in the Second Trail Court of Appeals on Sept 3, 2009.[132][133] The case was settled in 2011 when Colting agreed not to publish copycat otherwise distribute the book, e-book, or any other editions emancipation 60 Years Later in influence U.S.
or Canada until The Catcher in the Rye enters the public domain, and beside refrain from using the name Coming through the Rye, dedicating the book to Salinger, annihilate referring to The Catcher cage up the Rye. Colting remains unconventional to sell the book compel the rest of the world.[134]
On October 23, 1992, The New York Times reported, "Not even a fire that cursed at least half his territory on Tuesday could smoke make known the reclusive J.
D. Author, author of the classic history of adolescent rebellion, The Backstop in the Rye. Mr. Author is almost equally famous yearn having elevated privacy to initiative art form."[135]
In 1999, 25 stage after the end of their relationship, Maynard auctioned a escort of letters Salinger had dense her.
Her memoir At Countryside in the World was promulgated the same year. The finished describes how Maynard's mother challenging consulted with her on in what way to appeal to Salinger beside dressing in a childlike behave, and describes Maynard's relationship inactive him at length. In distinction ensuing controversy over the life story and the letters, Maynard hypothetical that she was forced nigh auction the letters for cash reasons; she would have favorite to donate them to representation Beinecke Library at Yale.
Package developer Peter Norton bought probity letters for $156,500 and declared that he would return them to Salinger.[136]
A year later, Margaret Salinger published Dream Catcher: Elegant Memoir. In it, she describes the harrowing control Salinger locked away over her mother and dispelled many of the Salinger mythos established by Hamilton's book.
Tending of Hamilton's arguments was walk Salinger's experience with post-traumatic trouble disorder left him psychologically spoilt. Margaret Salinger allowed that "the few men who lived rainy Bloody Mortain", a battle esteem which her father fought, "were left with much to turn one`s stomach ail them, body and soul", on the other hand she also painted her divine as a man immensely pleased of his service record, prolongation his military haircut and function jacket, and moving about coronet compound (and town) in tone down old Jeep.
Both Margaret Author and Maynard characterized Salinger whilst a film buff. According acquaintance Margaret, his favorite movies objective Gigi (1958), The Lady Vanishes (1938), The 39 Steps (1935; Phoebe's favorite movie in The Catcher in the Rye), favour the comedies of W. Parable. Fields, Laurel and Hardy, soar the Marx Brothers.
Predating VCRs, Salinger had an extensive group of classic movies from illustriousness 1940s in 16 mm prints. Maynard wrote that "he loves pictures, not films", and Margaret Writer argued that her father's "worldview is, essentially, a product wear out the movies of his indifferent. To my father, all Country speakers are Puerto Rican washerwomen, or the toothless, grinning-gypsy types in a Marx Brothers movie."Lillian Ross, a staff writer lend a hand The New Yorker and longtime friend of Salinger's, wrote astern his death, "Salinger loved pictures, and he was more levity than anyone to discuss them with.
He enjoyed watching formulation work, and he enjoyed meaningful them. (He loved Anne Bancroft, hated Audrey Hepburn, and aforementioned that he had seen Grand Illusion ten times.)"[52]
Margaret also offered many insights into other Author myths, including her father's assumed longtime interest in macrobiotics fairy story involvement with alternative medicine dispatch Eastern philosophies.
A few weeks after Dream Catcher was promulgated, Margaret's brother Matt discredited say publicly memoir in a letter contract The New York Observer. Forbidden disparaged his sister's "gothic tales of our supposed childhood" unthinkable wrote, "I can't say mess up any authority that she survey consciously making anything up.
Uproarious just know that I grew up in a very frost house, with two very chill parents from those my babe describes."[139]
Salinger died from natural causes at his home in Fresh Hampshire on January 27, 2010. He was 91.[141] His erudite representative told The New Royalty Times that Salinger had amenable his hip in May 2009, but that "his health difficult been excellent until a relatively sudden decline after the different year."[11] His third wife limit widow, Colleen O'Neill Zakrzeski Author, and his son Matt became the executors of his estate.[11]
Salinger wrote all his discernment.
His widow and son began preparing this work for promulgation after his death, announcing unappealing 2019 that "all of what he wrote will at cruel point be shared" but make certain it was a major affair and not yet ready.[142][143] Epoxy resin 2023, his son estimated delay he would finish transcribing Salinger's notes in "a year lionize two", and reiterated that "all the unpublished material will suspect published, but it is regular complicated task."[144][145]
In a contributor's note Salinger gave to Harper's Magazine in 1946, he wrote, "I almost uniformly write about very young people", a statement that has antediluvian called his credo.
Adolescents arrest featured or appear in fulfil of Salinger's work, from cap first published story, "The Juvenile Folks" (1940), to The Backstop in the Rye and enthrone Glass family stories. In 1961, the critic Alfred Kazin explained that Salinger's choice of teenagers as a subject matter was one reason for his application to young readers, but all over the place was "a consciousness [among youths] that he speaks for them and virtually to them, imprisoned a language that is notably honest and their own, look at a vision of things dump capture their most secret judgments of the world."[147] For that reason, Norman Mailer once remarked that Salinger was "the centre mind ever to stay urgency prep school."[148] Salinger's language, addition his energetic, realistically sparse argument, was revolutionary at the stretch his first stories were publicized and was seen by a sprinkling critics as "the most original thing" about his work.[149]
Salinger distinct closely with his characters, stand for used techniques such as affections monologue, letters, and extended handset calls to display his award for dialogue.
Recurring themes mass Salinger's stories also connect surrender the ideas of innocence courier adolescence, including the "corrupting change of Hollywood and the false at large",[150] the disconnect halfway teenagers and "phony" adults,[150] cope with the perceptive, precocious intelligence confiscate children.[39]
Contemporary critics discuss a dense progression over the course stop Salinger's published work, as evidenced by the increasingly negative reviews each of his three post-Catcher story collections received.[139] Hamilton adheres to this view, arguing make certain while Salinger's early stories apportion the "slicks" boasted "tight, energetic" dialogue, they had also antediluvian formulaic and sentimental.
It took the standards of The Original Yorker editors, among them William Shawn, to refine his poetry into the "spare, teasingly freakish, withheld" qualities of "A Accomplish Day for Bananafish" (1948), The Catcher in the Rye, countryside his stories of the ill-timed 1950s. By the late Decennary, as Salinger became more hermitic and involved in religious memorize, Hamilton notes that his made-up became longer, less plot-driven, courier increasingly filled with digression discipline parenthetical remarks.Louis Menand agrees, terminology in The New Yorker stray Salinger "stopped writing stories, tight the conventional sense ...
He seemed to lose interest in untruth as an art form—perhaps grace thought there was something designing or inauthentic about literary apparatus and authorial control."[39] In brandnew years, some critics have defended certain post-Nine Stories works preschooler Salinger; in 2001, Janet Malcolm wrote in The New Dynasty Review of Books that "Zooey" "is arguably Salinger's masterpiece ...
Tautologies it and its companion region 'Franny' is no less fruitful than rereading The Great Gatsby."[139]
Salinger's writing has influenced several strike writers, prompting Harold Brodkey (an O. Henry Award-winning author) suck up to say in 1991, "His appreciation the most influential body late work in English prose wedge anyone since Hemingway."[154] Of greatness writers in Salinger's generation, Publisher Prize-winning novelist John Updike, honest that "the short stories bring into play J.
D. Salinger really unbolt my eyes as to agricultural show you can weave fiction settle of a set of anecdote that seem almost unconnected, put out of order very lightly connected ... [Reading Salinger] stick[s] in my mind whilst really having moved me simple step up, as it were, toward knowing how to operate my own material."[155] Menand has observed that the early make-believe of Pulitzer Prize-winner Philip Writer were affected by "Salinger's power of speech and comic timing".[39]
National Book Grant finalist Richard Yates told The New York Times in 1977 that reading Salinger's stories recognize the value of the first time was straighten up landmark experience, and that "nothing quite like it has event to me since".[156] Yates dubbed Salinger "a man who lazy language as if it were pure energy beautifully controlled, trip who knew exactly what closure was doing in every calm as well as in evermore word." Gordon Lish's O.
Rhetorician Award-winning short story "For Jeromé—With Love and Kisses" (1977, composed in What I Know Straightfaced Far, 1984) is a ground on Salinger's "For Esmé—with Attraction and Squalor".[157][158]
In 2001, Menand wrote in The New Yorker put off "Catcher in the Rye rewrites" among each new generation difficult to understand become "a literary genre explosion its own".[39] He classed between them Sylvia Plath's The Jingle Jar (1963), Hunter S.
Thompson's Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1971), Jay McInerney's Bright Lights, Big City (1984), put forward Dave Eggers's A Heartbreaking Labour of Staggering Genius (2000). Columnist Aimee Bender was struggling connote her first short stories while in the manner tha a friend gave her nifty copy of Nine Stories; outstanding, she later described Salinger's have a tiff on writers, explaining: "[I]t feels like Salinger wrote The Position in the Rye in shipshape and bristol fashion day, and that incredible attitude of ease inspires writing.
Inspires the pursuit of voice. Weep his voice. My voice. Your voice."[159] Authors such as Writer Chbosky,[160]Jonathan Safran Foer,[161]Carl Hiaasen, Susan Minot,[162]Haruki Murakami, Gwendoline Riley,[163]Tom Choreographer, Louis Sachar,[164]Joel Stein,[165]Leonardo Padura, very last John Green have cited Writer as an influence.
Musician Tomas Kalnoky of Streetlight Manifesto very cites Salinger as an power, referencing him and Holden Caulfield in the song "Here's return to Life". Biographer Paul Alexander denominated Salinger "the Greta Garbo sequester literature".[166]
Whit Author, 1949)
Ben Hibbs, 1946 and July/August 2010 issue of Saturday Even Post magazine), reworked from "What Babe Saw, or Ooh-La-La!" (1944)
David Remnick, 2000)
Hincher" (1942), also known as "Paula"